NEUROPROGRESSION AS AN ILLNESS TRAJECTORY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and disabling psychiatric condition that is linked to significant disability and psychosocial impairment.Although current Gels neuropsychological, molecular, and neuroimaging evidence support the existence of neuroprogression and its effects on the course and outcome of this condition, whether and to what extent n

Aims: Sphingolipid and oxidant signaling affect glucose uptake, atrophy, and force production of skeletal muscle similarly and both are stimulated by tumor HYSSOP necrosis factor (TNF), suggesting a connection between systems.Sphingolipid signaling is initiated by neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), a family of agonist-activated effector enzymes.Nor